Kể từ năm 1901, giải
Nobel được trao
hàng năm. Những người chiến thắng
nhận được một huy chương,
một
văn bằng,
tiền bạc và tất nhiên
là
uy tín. Trong mỗi
môn,
tiền thưởng
có thể được phân chia tối
đa
là
ba người.
Huy
chương
Từ năm 1901
đến năm 1980, huy
chương
làm bằng vàng ròng 23 carat
nặng
175
gram nặng mang
hình ảnh của Alfred
Nobel.
Kể từ đó,
huy chương
làm
băng
hỗn hợp
vàng (75%)
và bạc (25%)
và
mạ vàng
24
carat . Với
giá trị
lớn như vậy,
một số huy chương
đã bị đánh cắp.
Bằng tốt nghiệp
Bằng tốt
nghiệp người nhận
nhận
có
tên, hình
của người chiến thắng, và
lý do đoạt giải Nobel.
Ngoại trừ những người
chiến thắng của
giải Nobel Hòa bình,
thì
không
có lời
giải thích.
Giá:
8 000 000
kronor
- 1901 : 150 782
kroner (SEK)
- 1994 : 7 triệu kroner
- 2000 : 9 triệu kroner
- 2001 : 10 triệu kroner
- 2012 : 8 triệu kroner
Số tiền này được
tăng dần
lên 10 triệu
kroner trong năm 2009, nhưng
do cuộc khủng hoảng kinh
tế, Ủy ban đã
giảm
tiền thưởng
thành
8 triệu
kroner (giá
hiện trường là 100 SEK = 10,96
€ = 13.85 $
Lars Heikensten,
giám đốc của Ủy ban Nobel
tuyên bố rằng đó là một
quyết định khó khăn, nhưng hãy nhớ
rằng tiền không phải là
quan trọng nhất. "Mặc dù
chúng tôi muốn tăng số
tiền đó trong thời gian dài, chúng
tôi tin rằng giá trị của
giải thưởng Nobel là
día trị của sư
biết ơn,
chớ không phải là số
tiền thưởng."
Khi
giải thưởng được
chiến thắng của hai
người, họ cũng
phải chia
nhau tiền.
Khi
ba người chiến thắng
không đồng
đều về giá trị,
Ủy ban có thể quyết định
chia tiền thành ba
phần bằng nhau hoặc
phân nửa cho một người
chiến thắng và một
phần tư với hai người kia.
Số tiền thưởng, rất hiếm
người thắng
cuộc từ chối phần
thưởng của mình
bằng cách
tặng cho một
quỹ nghiên cứu khoa học,
tổ chức nhân đạo. Khi
Barack Obama giành
giải Nobel Hòa bình vào
năm 2009, ông chỉ
đơn giản là trả lại tiền
cho phí bảo hiểm cho
Ủy
ban.
Lý do từ chối Giải Nobel Văn học của
Jean-Paul
Sartre
Sở dĩ tôi
từ chối giải Nobel Văn học
vì tôi
từ chối những gì
Sartre
cống hiến
trước khi qua đời.
Không
một
nghệ sĩ,
không
một
nhà văn
,
không
một
người
nào
xứng đáng
cống hiến
khi còn sống,
bởi vì
họ
có
quyền
tự do
để thay đổi mọi thứ.
Giải Nobel sẽ
mang lại cho tôi lên trên một
bệ nhưng
tôi đã
không hoàn thành để thực hiện
điều này, để có
tự do của mình và hành động,
để tham gia. Bất kỳ
hành động sẽ là
vô ích sau
khi đã được công nhận
hồi tố. Hãy tưởng tượng một
nhà văn có thể nhận được
giải thưởng này
rồi
thả
lỏng
để
đi đến
suy đồi,
trong khi người khác
khi ,hận được giải thưởng,
có thể
sẽ
tốt hơn.
Nếu
một trong
hai, ai là
xứng đáng?
Người
đang
ở
đỉnh
và
sau đó
xuống dốc,
hay
người đã được
công nhận
trước khi đạt đến đỉnh cao?
Tôi có thể là
một trong hai, và
không ai có thể dự đoán
những gì tôi sẽ làm gì.
Đó là những gì
ta
đã thưc hiện.
Tôi sẽ không bao giờ
lãnh
giải Nobel,
cho đến khi
tôi
còn
có
quyền
từ chối.
Jean-Paul Sartre
J'ai refusé le Prix Nobel de littérature parce que je refusais que l'on
consacre Sartre avant sa mort. Aucun artiste, aucun écrivain, aucun homme ne
mérite d'être consacré de son vivant, parce qu'il a le pouvoir et la liberté
de tout changer. Le Prix Nobel m'aurait élevé sur un piédestal alors que je
n'avais pas fini d'accomplir des choses, de prendre ma liberté et d'agir, de
m'engager. Tout acte aurait été futile après, puisque déjà reconnu de façon
rétrospective. Imaginez: un écrivain pourrait recevoir ce prix et se laisser
aller à la déchéance, tandis qu'un autre pourrait devenir encore meilleur.
Lequel des deux méritait son prix? Celui qui était au sommet et qui a
redescendu la pente ou celui qui fut consacré avant d'atteindre le sommet?
J'aurais pu être l'un des deux, et jamais personne n'aurait pu prédire ce
que je ferais. On est ce que l'on fait. Je ne serai jamais récipiendaire du
Prix Nobel, tant et aussi longtemps que je pourrai encore agir en le
refusant.
Jean-Paul Sartre
Marie Curie
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Marie Curie,
née Maria Sklodowska, was born in Warsaw on November 7,
1867, the daughter of a secondary-school teacher. She received a
general education in local schools and some scientific training from
her father. She became involved in a students' revolutionary
organization and found it prudent to leave Warsaw, then in the part
of Poland dominated by Russia, for Cracow, which at that time was
under Austrian rule. In 1891, she went to Paris to continue her
studies at the Sorbonne where she obtained Licenciateships in
Physics and the Mathematical Sciences. She met Pierre Curie,
Professor in the School of Physics in 1894 and in the following year
they were married.
She succeeded her husband
as Head of the Physics Laboratory at the Sorbonne, gained her Doctor
of Science degree in 1903, and following the tragic death of Pierre
Curie in 1906, she took his place as Professor of General Physics in
the Faculty of Sciences, the first time a woman had held this
position. She was also appointed Director of the Curie Laboratory in
the Radium Institute of the University of Paris, founded in 1914.
Her early researches, together with her husband, were often
performed under difficult conditions, laboratory arrangements were
poor and both had to undertake much teaching to earn a livelihood.
The discovery of radioactivity by Henri Becquerel in 1896 inspired
the Curies in their brilliant researches and analyses which led to
the isolation of polonium, named after the country of Marie's birth,
and radium. Mme. Curie developed methods for the separation of
radium from radioactive residues in sufficient quantities to allow
for its characterization and the careful study of its properties,
therapeutic properties in particular.
Mme. Curie throughout her life actively promoted the use of radium
to alleviate suffering and during World War I, assisted by her
daughter, Irene, she personally devoted herself to this remedial
work. She retained her enthusiasm for science throughout her life
and did much to establish a radioactivity laboratory in her native
city - in 1929 President Hoover of the United States presented her
with a gift of $ 50,000, donated by American friends of science, to
purchase radium for use in the laboratory in Warsaw.
Mme. Curie, quiet, dignified and unassuming, was held in high esteem
and admiration by scientists throughout the world. She was a member
of the Conseil du Physique Solvay from 1911 until her death and
since 1922 she had been a member of the Committee of Intellectual
Co-operation of the League of Nations. Her work is recorded in
numerous papers in scientific journals and she is the author of
Recherches sur les Substances Radioactives (1904),
L'Isotopie et les Éléments Isotopes and the classic Traité'
de Radioactivité (1910).
The importance of Mme. Curie's work is reflected in the numerous
awards bestowed on her. She received many honorary science, medicine
and law degrees and honorary memberships of learned societies
throughout the world. Together with her husband, she was awarded
half of the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1903, for their study into
the spontaneous radiation discovered by Becquerel, who was awarded
the other half of the Prize. In 1911 she received a second Nobel
Prize, this time in Chemistry, in recognition of her work in
radioactivity. She also received, jointly with her husband, the Davy
Medal of the Royal Society in 1903 and, in 1921, President Harding
of the United States, on behalf of the women of America, presented
her with one gram of radium in recognition of her service to
science. |
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Prizes
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Nobel Prize in Physics (1903) -
in recognition of the extraordinary services they have
rendered by their joint researches on the radiation
phenomena discovered by Professor Henri Becquerel.
The Nobel Prize in
Physics (Swedish: Nobelpriset i fysik) is awarded once a
year by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. It is one of
the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred
Nobel in 1895, awarded for outstanding contributions in
physics, chemistry, literature, peace, and physiology or
medicine since 1901. The first Nobel Prize in Physics was
awarded to Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, a German, "in recognition
of the extraordinary services he has rendered by the
discovery of the remarkable rays (or x-rays)." This award is
administered by the Nobel Foundation and widely regarded as
the most prestigious award that a scientist can receive in
Physics. It is presented in Stockholm at an annual ceremony
on December 10, the anniversary of Nobel's death. In 2007
the Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to Albert Fert (of
France) and Peter Grünberg (of Germany) for the discovery of
giant magnetoresistance; they share the prize amount of
10,000,000 SEK (slightly more than €1 million, or US$1.6
million). |
Davy Medal (1903)
The Davy Medal
is a bronze medal that has been awarded annually by
London's Royal Society since 1877. Its recipient
receives the medal "for an outstandingly important
recent discovery in any branch of chemistry." The medal,
with its accompanying purse of GB£1,000, is named after
the nineteenth-century chemist, Humphry Davy.
|
Matteucci
Medal (1904)
The Matteucci Medal was established to award physicists for
their fundamental contributions. Under an Italian Royal
Decree dated July 10, 1870, the Italian Society of Sciences
was authorized to receive a donation from Carlo Matteucci
for the establishment of the Prize. |
Nobel Prize in Chemistry (1911)
Award ceremony
The committee and institution serving as the selection board
for the prize typically announce the names of the laureates
in October. The prize is then awarded at formal ceremonies
held annually on December 10, the anniversary of Alfred
Nobel's death. "The highlight of the Nobel Prize Award
Ceremony in Stockholm is when each Nobel Laureate steps
forward to receive the prize from the hands of His Majesty
the King of Sweden. ... Under the eyes of a watching world,
the Nobel Laureate receives three things: a diploma, a medal
and a document confirming the prize amount" ("What the Nobel
Laureates Receive"). Later the Nobel Banquet is held in
Stockholm City Hall.
A maximum of three laureates and two different works may be
selected. The award can be given to a maximum of three
recipients per year. It consists of a gold medal, a diploma,
and a cash grant. The grant is currently approximately 10
million SEK, slightly more than €1 million (US$1.4 million).
Nomination and
selection
Compared with some other prizes, the Nobel Prize nomination
and selection process is long and rigorous, a key reason why
it has become the most important prize in chemistry.
The Nobel Laureates in chemistry are selected by a committee
that consists of five members elected by The Royal Swedish
Academy of Sciences. In its first stage, several thousand
people are asked to nominate candidates. These names are
scrutinized and discussed by experts until only the winners
remain. This slow and thorough process, insisted upon by
Alfred Nobel, is arguably what gives the prize its
importance.
Forms, which amount to a personal and exclusive invitation,
are sent to about three thousand selected individuals to
invite them to submit nominations. The names of the nominees
are never publicly announced, and neither are they told that
they have been considered for the Prize. Nomination records
are sealed for fifty years. In practice some nominees do
become known. It is also common for publicists to make such
a claim, founded or not.
The nominations are screened by committee, and a list is
produced of approximately two hundred preliminary
candidates. This list is forwarded to selected experts in
the field. They remove all but approximately fifteen names.
The committee submits a report with recommendations to the
appropriate institution.
While posthumous nominations are not permitted, awards can
occur if the individual died in the months between the
nomination and the decision of the prize committee.
The award in chemistry require that the significance of
achievements being recognized is "tested by time." In
practice it means that the lag between the discovery and the
award is typically on the order of 20 years and can be much
longer. As a downside of this approach, not all scientists
live long enough for their work to be recognized. Some
important scientific discoveries are never considered for a
Prize, as the discoverers may have died by the time the
impact of their work is realized. |
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http://www.kids.esdb.bg/curie.html
Press Release
6 October 2008
The Nobel Assembly at Karolinska Institutet has today decided to award
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 2008 with one half to
Harald zur Hausen
for his discovery of "human papilloma viruses causing cervical
cancer"
and the other half jointly to
Françoise Barré-Sinoussi and Luc Montagnier
for their discovery of "human immunodeficiency virus"
Summary
This year's Nobel Prize awards discoveries of two viruses causing severe
human diseases.
Harald zur Hausen went against current dogma and postulated that
oncogenic human papilloma virus (HPV) caused cervical cancer, the second
most common cancer among women. He realized that HPV-DNA could exist in a
non-productive state in the tumours, and should be detectable by specific
searches for viral DNA. He found HPV to be a heterogeneous family of
viruses. Only some HPV types cause cancer. His discovery has led to
characterization of the natural history of HPV infection, an understanding
of mechanisms of HPV-induced carcinogenesis and the development of
prophylactic vaccines against HPV acquisition.
Françoise Barré-Sinoussi and Luc Montagnier discovered human
immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Virus production was identified in lymphocytes
from patients with enlarged lymph nodes in early stages of acquired
immunodeficiency, and in blood from patients with late stage disease. They
characterized this retrovirus as the first known human lentivirus based on
its morphological, biochemical and immunological properties. HIV impaired
the immune system because of massive virus replication and cell damage to
lymphocytes. The discovery was one prerequisite for the current
understanding of the biology of the disease and its antiretroviral
treatment.
Discovery of human papilloma virus causing cervical cancer
Against the prevailing view during the 1970s, Harald zur Hausen
postulated a role for human papilloma virus (HPV) in cervical cancer. He
assumed that the tumour cells, if they contained an oncogenic virus, should
harbour viral DNA integrated into their genomes. The HPV genes promoting
cell proliferation should therefore be detectable by specifically searching
tumour cells for such viral DNA. Harald zur Hausen pursued this idea for
over 10 years by searching for different HPV types, a search made difficult
by the fact that only parts of the viral DNA were integrated into the host
genome. He found novel HPV-DNA in cervix cancer biopsies, and thus
discovered the new, tumourigenic HPV16 type in 1983. In 1984, he cloned
HPV16 and 18 from patients with cervical cancer. The HPV types 16 and 18
were consistently found in about 70% of cervical cancer biopsies throughout
the world.
Importance of the HPV discovery
The global public health burden attributable to human papilloma viruses
is considerable. More than 5% of all cancers worldwide are caused by
persistent infection with this virus. Infection by the human papilloma virus
is the most common sexually transmitted agent, afflicting 50-80% of the
population. Of the more than 100 HPV types known, about 40 infect the
genital tract, and 15 of these put women at high risk for cervical cancer.
In addition, HPV is found in some vulval, penile, oral and other cancers.
Human papilloma virus can be detected in 99.7% of women with histologically
confirmed cervical cancer, affecting some 500,000 women per year.
Harald zur Hausen demonstrated novel properties of HPV that have led to
an understanding of mechanisms for papilloma virus-induced carcinogenesis
and the predisposing factors for viral persistence and cellular
transformation. He made HPV16 and 18 available to the scientific community.
Vaccines were ultimately developed that provide ≥95 % protection from
infection by the high risk HPV16 and 18 types. The vaccines may also reduce
the need for surgery and the global burden of cervical cancer.
Discovery of HIV
Following medical reports of a novel immunodeficiency syndrome in 1981,
the search for a causative agent was on. Françoise Barré-Sinoussi and Luc
Montagnier isolated and cultured lymph node cells from patients that had
swollen lymph nodes characteristic of the early stage of acquired immune
deficiency. They detected activity of the retroviral enzyme reverse
transcriptase, a direct sign of retrovirus replication. They also found
retroviral particles budding from the infected cells. Isolated virus
infected and killed lymphocytes from both diseased and healthy donors, and
reacted with antibodies from infected patients. In contrast to previously
characterized human oncogenic retroviruses, the novel retrovirus they had
discovered, now known as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), did not induce
uncontrolled cell growth. Instead, the virus required cell activation for
replication and mediated cell fusion of T lymphocytes. This partly explained
how HIV impairs the immune system since the T cells are essential for immune
defence. By 1984, Barré-Sinoussi and Montagnier had obtained several
isolates of the novel human retrovirus, which they identified as a
lentivirus, from sexually infected individuals, haemophiliacs, mother to
infant transmissions and transfused patients. The significance of their
achievements should be viewed in the context of a global ubiquitous epidemic
affecting close to 1% of the population.
Importance of the HIV discovery
Soon after the discovery of the virus, several groups contributed to the
definitive demonstration of HIV as the cause of acquired human
immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Barré-Sinoussi and Montagnier's discovery
made rapid cloning of the HIV-1 genome possible. This has allowed
identification of important details in its replication cycle and how the
virus interacts with its host. Furthermore, it led to development of methods
to diagnose infected patients and to screen blood products, which has
limited the spread of the pandemic. The unprecedented development of several
classes of new antiviral drugs is also a result of knowledge of the details
of the viral replication cycle. The combination of prevention and treatment
has substantially decreased spread of the disease and dramatically increased
life expectancy among treated patients. The cloning of HIV enabled studies
of its origin and evolution. The virus was probably passed to humans from
chimpanzees in West Africa early in the 20th century, but it is still
unclear why the epidemic spread so dramatically from 1970 and onwards.
Identification of virus−host interactions has provided information on how
HIV evades the host’s immune system by impairing lymphocyte function, by
constantly changing and by hiding its genome in the host lymphocyte DNA,
making its eradication in the infected host difficult even after long-term
antiviral treatment. Extensive knowledge about these unique viral host
interactions has, however, generated results that can provide ideas for
future vaccine development as well as for therapeutic approaches targeting
viral latency.
HIV has generated a novel pandemic. Never before has science and medicine
been so quick to discover, identify the origin and provide treatment for a
new disease entity. Successful anti-retroviral therapy results in life
expectancies for persons with HIV infection now reaching levels similar to
those of uninfected people.
Harald zur Hausen, born 1936 in Germany, German citizen,
MD at University of Düsseldorf, Germany. Professor emeritus and former
Chairman and Scientific Director, German Cancer Research Centre, Heidelberg,
Germany.
Françoise Barré-Sinoussi, born 1947 in France, French
citizen, PhD in virology, Institut Pasteur, Garches, France. Professor and
Director, Regulation of Retroviral Infections Unit, Virology Department,
Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.
Luc Montagnier, born 1932 in France, French citizen, PhD
in virology, University of Paris, Paris, France. Professor emeritus and
Director, World Foundation for AIDS Research and Prevention, Paris, France.
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