Ðại từ - Pronouns
Nam Phương
 

Có nhiều loại đại từ:

 CHỦ TỪ  (SUBJECT) : I, You, He, She, It, We, You, They 

TÚC TỪ  (OBJECT) Me, You, Him, Her, It, Us, You, Them 

PREPOSITIONAL OBJECTS

POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS: Mine, Yours, His, Hers, Its, Ours, Yours, Theirs

DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS : This one, That one, These ones, Those ones, She who, He who, They who.

RELATIVE PRONOUNS : Who, Whom, Whose, That, Which, That which, What.

REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS: Myself, Yourself, Himself, Herself, Itself, Ourselves, Yourselves, Themselves

RECIPROCAL PRONOUNS : Each other, One another

 

 Cách dùng:

Túc từ đi sau dộng từ:

  • Did you buy it?
  • You didn't buy it.
  • You bought it.
  • Will you come to the store with me?
  • He left without her.
  • I have spoken to her.
  • I gave this present to them.
  • Nhưng : I gave them this present.

Thường túc từ gián tiếp (indirect object) đi sau giới từ "to",  trừ khi trước nó có  một túc từ trực tiếp, lúc đó mất giới từ "to":

I gave them this present

 

Thứ tự các đại từ:

    

Chủ từ  động từ túc từ trực tiếp  túc từ gián tiếp túc từ giới từ
He  gave it to me for Christmas

 

  • Don't tell that to him.
  • He couldn't sell the car to them.

Ngoại trừ:

Như ta đã nói trên, ta có thể bỏ giới từ "to" khi túc từ trực tiếp đứng trước  túc từ gián tiếp  

 

  • He gave me it for Christmas.
  • Don't tell him that.
  • He couldn't sell them the car.

 

Các loại đại từ:

1) POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS 

  • I --> mine
  • your --> yours
  • he, she, it --> his (masculine), hers (feminine), its (impersonal)
  • we --> ours
  • they --> theirs

    Do đó:

  • I have my likes, and she has hers.
  • If you give me one of yours, I'll give you one of mine.
  • I like our house, but frankly, I am jealous of theirs!
  • That's mine!

 

2) DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS 

TÓM TẮT:

Chúng giống như demonstrative adjectives trừ số ít thì thêm ONE vô

  • These tomatoes are fresher than those.
  • These are better than those.
  • Would you like a little of this?
  • That strikes me as really weird!
  • The book is more interesting than that one.

Trước một relative pronoun (thí dụ "who") thì nó biến thành 

"THE ONE" (the ones) để chỉ vật.

"HE/SHE WHO" , "THEY WHO" để chỉ người.

 

  • This film is the one that you hated so much.
  • He who eats well works well.
  • This pen is the one with which the President signed the new law.

3) RELATIVE PRONOUNS

Dùng để nối hai câu với nhau:

  • I found an apartment. This apartment has three rooms.

may be joined using a relative pronoun:

  • I found an apartment which has three rooms

Các dạng của relative pronouns

Relative pronouns có nhiều dạng khác nhau:who, whom, whose, that, which, that which, what.

 

Specific person

Specific thing

Unspecific thing

Subject

Who

That

Which

That

Which

Whet

Direct object

Who

Whom

That

Which

That

Which

What

Object of a preposition

Prep + Whom

Preposition +

Which

Prep + What

That + Prep + Which

Special cases

Possession

Time

Space

Whose

Of which

When

Where

Chủ từ

Who : để chỉ người

Which, that: để chỉ  vật, đồ vật

  • There's the man who stole my wallet!
  • I read a novel that entertained me a great deal.
  • He made a mistake which embarrassed him.

Khi không rõ là ai, dùng "what" (và "that which", nhưng không thông dụng bằng)

  • What interests me in this film is the music.
  • That which eludes us intrigues us the most.
  • I don't know what happened.

 

Túc từ

Whom : cho người

That, Which: cho vật

  • She is a person whom I respect a great deal.
  • He ordered a beverage which he didn't drink.
  • She is talking about the trip that we're going to take

Chú ý:

Ta có thể bỏ "Whom" hay "That", (nhưng  không được bỏ "What" hay "That which") khi nói đến specific antecedent.

  • She is a person I respect a great deal.
  • He ordered a beverage he didn't drink.
  • She is talking about the trip we're going to take.

Khi antecedent (chữ đứng trước relative pronoun) không rõ ràng, ta dùng "What" (có thể dùng "That which" nhưng ít thông dụng)

  • You can do what you want.
  • What they are doing seems useful.

 

 4) POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS

Sở hữu (Possession): "whose" / "of which"

Whose : cho người

Of which : cho vật 

  • The tourist whose ticket had expired filed a complaint.
  • There is the man whose mother is our mayor.
  • That was a good article, the point of which was to make us think.

 5) PREPOSITIONAL  OBJECTS

Giới từ thường đứng trước  túc từ của nó

  • Here's the pattern with which I made this shirt.
  • The woman for whom I work is quite strict.
  • Here's the tree next to which Newton was sitting.
  • They went out for dinner, after which they went home.

Trong văn nói, giới từ có thể để cuối câu.

Tuy nhiên với pronoun What,  cấu trúc này được dùng , ngay trong văn viết

  • Here's the pattern which I made this shirt with.
  • The woman whom I work for is quite strict.
  • Here's the tree which Newton was sitting next to.
  • Tell me what you're thinking about.

 

6) ÐẠI TỪ THỜI GIAN

Pronoun "When" dùng với danh từ chỉ thời gian. Tuy nhiên nhiều khi cũng không cần pronoun này nên  bỏ luôn

  • I remember the day when we met.
  • I remember the day we met.
  • He arrived at the moment when we were speaking of him.
  • He arrived at the moment we were speaking of him.

 7) ÐẠI TỪ KHÔNG GIAN

Khi những giới từ đặc biệt chỉ nơi chốn (thí dụ "on", "under"...)  không cần thiết, ta thế bằng pronoun "Where"

  • Here's the house where my parents were born.
  • She doesn't know where she's going.

 

8) REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS :

Ðể chỉ hành động tự mình làm cho mình (thí dụ tôi tự hỏi, nó tự mua cho nó...)

  • I --> myself
  • you (singular) --> yourself
  • you (plural) --> yourselves
  • he --> himself
  • she --> herself
  • it --> itself
  • we --> ourselves
  • they --> themselves

 

  • I told myself it would never happen.
  • She talks to herself all the time.
  • Look at yourself in that mirror!
  • I would like to give myself a raise

Ở phía cuối câu, ta có thể thêm reflexive pronouns để nhấn mạnh chủ từ trong câu. (còn động từ không được nhấn mạnh)

  • I would rather do that myself.
  • Can you talk to him yourself?

 

9) RECIPROCAL PRONOUNS 

Ðể chỉ hai người, hành động lẫn nhau, ta dùng  reciprocal pronouns "each other" hay  "one another".

thí dụ: "chúng thương nhau", "chúng tôi đánh nhau"

  • They hate each other.
  • They killed one another.
  • We talk to each other often.