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- access time:
- In mass storage devices, the time
elapsed to read or write to or from a
device
- additive color system:
- A color reproduction system in which
images are reproduced by mixing
appropriate amounts of red, green, and
blue lights.
- animation:
- A synchronized sequence of graphics
that conveys action.
- antialiasing:
- The process of reducing the visibility
of jagged edges by using gray scale
pixel values to smooth andfeather
contrasting intersections of bitmapped
objects.
- application:
- A computer program written for a
specific purpose.
- aspect ratio:
- The ratio of width to height of an
image. The standard aspect ratio of
broadcast television and mostcomputer
displays is 4:3. The 35mm slide standard
is 3:2.
- asymmetric system:
- A video system that requires more
equipment to store, process, and
compress a digitalimage than it needs to
decompress and playback. Intel's DVIand
Phillips/Sony's CD-Isystems are
asymmetric in full fidelity mode.
- audio track:
- A CD- DA track with digital audio
samples encoded as 16 bit numbers.
- audio:
- Sound portion of a video signal. or
separate soundused to; annotate objects
on frames including text, graphics,
animation and still images.
- authoring language:
- A high- level programming language
using English or mnemonics and simple
commands specifically designed for
developing multimedia applications.
Often included as a subset of an
authoring system.
- authoring system:
- A software product designed to allow
userswithout specific programming skills
to develop and test multimedia
applications.
- averaging:
- The process of smoothing the selection
or image by averaging the values of the
surrounding pixelsover a specified
radius.
- bitmap:
- name for a family of image file-types
composed ofdots (pixels). Bitmaps have
attributes specifying color format,
resolution, header, bit order, and other
variables. A checker board is a good
conceptual model for a bitmap image.
- blur:
- To distort the current selection or
image by reducing contrast along object
lines with gradients.
- BPP:
- Bits Per Pixel. An acronym for the
number of bits used to represent the
color value of each pixel in a digital
image color format. example: CMYK=32bpp,
RGB true color =24bpp,256 color &
grayscale=8bpp, 16color=4bpp, B&W
line art=1bpp.
- brightness & contrast
balancing:
- The process of adjusting the density
and intensity of an image.
- cache:
- Pronounced "cash".An
external or internal reserved portion of
a computer's electronic memory
Random-Access Memory (RAM). Frequently
used information is stored in the cache
so that your computer can get the
information more quickly.
- CD:
- The 12cm (4.75 in.) optical read only
disc used for digital audio, data, and
video storage and retrieval in various
computer, audio, and video systems. CDs
are produced using a number of processes
to store information for optical
retrieval. see: WORM, WREN, CD-ROM
- CD- DA Track:
- a track on a compact disc containing
audio information encoded according to
the CD-Digital Audio specific
- CD-I:
- Compact Disc Interactive. an
interactive audio/video/computer system
developed by Sony and Phillips For the
consumer market.
- CD-ROM:
- Compact Disc Read Only Memory. An
adaptation of CD technology for use with
general digital data. CD-ROM discs are
"pressed" in an injection
molding process from a master mould to
create the data tract. Then they are
coated with a reflective material and
sealed.
- CD-ROM XA
- :Compact Disc Read Only Memory
Extended Architecture. A format for
recording compressed digital audio at
lower qualities, allowing capacity
increases on a single CD from four to 19
hours.
- CD-RTOS:
- Kernel:the nucleus of CD-RTOS, which
is responsible for service request
processing, memory management, system
initialization, multi-tasking,
input/output management and exception
and interrupt processing.
- CD-RTOS:
- Compact Disc Real-Time Operating
System. the name of the operating system
used in CD-I players.
- CD-WORM:
- Compact Disc Write Once Read Many
times. A type of CD-ROM disc named for
the process used to create data on the
disc. CD-WORM Discs preform identically
as CD-ROM discs. The difference being a
laser is used to "burn" the
reflective layer to create the data
tract. The cost of " WORM
Burning" is considerably less than
glass master production for a single
disc.CD-WORM Disks can be used to
transport CD-ROM s for mastering and
replication.
- CD-WREM:
- Compact Disc Write Read Erase Memory.
A data storage system commonly referred
to as "Magneto-Optical". It
incorporates laser technology to
"Burn" a magnetic layer on the
disc, this produces a reflective surface
that can then be read. This magnetic
layer can be burned many times giving
the medium read, write, and write over
capability not found in CD- ROM &
CD-WREM. This advantage comes only with
considerable cost for Drives and Disc
Cartridges. As a result this technology
has not caught on in the home consumer
market. It has great potential for
multimedia, pre-press publication, and
other digital graphic applications.
- chroma keying:
- facility to replace selected colors in
a video image with others that allows
the creation of different scenes against
the background. Some video boards
contain such capabilities.
- chrominance:
- signals of an image system that
represent the color components of the
image such as hue and saturation. A
black and white image has chrominance
value of zero.
- clipart:
- Stock digital images in various
subject matter and format for use in
multimedia productions or anywhere
graphics are needed. Rights to use,
pricing, and quality vary from one
manufacturer to another.
- clone:
- To duplicate a portion of an image to
another location. This is a cornerstone
to the editing of digital images. This
effect is useful in the process of
retouching photographs.
- CLUT:
- Color Look-Up Table. A table
containing all the colors that may be
used in a particular picture. Each entry
provides an RGB value. The picture may
then be encoded using the table entry
addresses rather than the direct RGB
value.
- color balancing:
- The process of tuning the overall
color cast of an image or selection
- compression:
- a digital process that permits data to
be stored or transmitted using less than
normal the number of bits. Compression
is critical for displaying audio and
moving video fast enough on desktop
computers. Some compression standards
for still images are formulated by JPEG,
for moving video by MPEG, and for
telecommunications transmission by
CCITT.
- DDE:
- Dynamic Data Exchange. A communication
technique for Windows and OS/2. DDE
Applications can send and receive data
once a communication path is
established.
- diffuse:
- To soften contrasting edges and fill
areas of an image or object via random
patterns. Also used to simulate colors
outside the color pallet. see dithering
- digital:
- A system in which values are
represented by a series of binary bits.
- digitizing:
- the process of encoding or converting
images, sound, video and other data from
analog or printed form to a digital
format/specification.examples: Scanning=
Printed image to Digital Image file,
video capture=analog video signal to
still or motion digital file.
- dithering:
- The process of using patterns to
simulate colors or gradients
- DVI:
- digital video interactive. This is a
compression format for recording digital
video on a CD- ROM disk that provides up
to 72 minutes of full motion video, or
four hours of one-quarter screen
full-motion video.
- EISA:
- Extended Industry Standard
Architecture. A 32-bit bus architecture
standard designed for PC compatibles to
take advantage of newer and faster
microprocessors. Supports older AT style
expansion boards. IBM's Micro Channel
Architecture (MCA) does not.
- EMS:
- Expanded Memory System. A
specification developed by the Lotus,
Intel and Microsoft (LIM) corporations
for application programs to address
added memory resources above the 640-
kbyte limit of PC and MS-DOS operating
system. EMS helps provide maximum
performance of memory-intensive
applications such as Lotus 1-2-3 and
Microsoft Windows.
- encoding:
- Storing information according to a
file specification for an intended
retrieval suitability
- EPP:
- Enhanced Parallel Port.
- ESDI:
- Enhanced Small Device Interface. A
standard for connecting disk drives and
tape drives to a computer. This standard
enables the drive to transfer data at
high speeds.
- exclusion:
- The opposite of selection. An editing
technique to select desired areas of an
image by ruling out all undesired areas.
Particularly useful in selecting and
removing an object from its background.
- fade:
- A gradual change in brightness of an
image or intensity of a sound.
Considered a special effect that can be
implemented with software or hardware.
- file header:
- A block of data in a file, usually at
the beginning, which describes the type
of data in the file and the format of
the data.
- film scanning:
- Scalable optical Digitization of
photographic transparencies negatives
and slides. High quality standards
requirements for Pre-press Digitization
have resulted in capture specs exceeding
48bpp @ 6000pixels.
- film recording:
- A service used to produce film
transparencies from digital images.
Recorder specs, vary from one
manufacturer to another near 4000pixels
for 35mm film @ 24bpp
- flash memory:
- Flash memory is a nonvolatile memory
medium (it "remembers" even
when the power is turned off) that can
easily be updated. This credit
card-sized package will be used to
replace floppy and hard disk drives in
portable personal computers in the
future. Flash memory cards substantially
reduce the computer's power consumption
(when compared with traditional
mechanical disk-drive memories).
- flatbed scanning:
- Document and image scanning utilizing
a level glass bed scanner. Device
specifications range include RGB
@600dpi,single pass
- flicks:
- Common term for digital motion
sequences
- fractal:
- Fractional Dimensional. A mathematical
definition of a fractional element of an
image after repeated application of a
specific compression algorithm. Has
theoretical compression ratio capability
of 10,000:1. Commercial software is
available with compression ratios in the
range of 2,500:1.
- frame:
- Used in video to denote a complete
scan of an image. In motion video
repeated scanning ofa changing scene
produces a series of frames. Synonymous
with a full computer screen desktop
applications.
- full-motion video:
- Display of a video sequence at the
broadcast TV frame rate of 30 fps.
Sometimes used to define motion video
that is perceived to provide smooth
motion regardless of frame rate applied.
- GUI:
- Graphical User Interface. A
graphically oriented interface that
allows direct manipulation of on-screen
objects and events using icons, menus
and dialog controls. Macintosh, Windows,
Silicon Graphics, island productsSee:
WIMPs,
- hypermedia:
- A multimedia application that lets the
user point to objects, images, video, or
text to navigate the application.
- IDE:
- Integrated Drive Electronics.
- IMA:
- Interactive Multimedia Association. An
umbrella organization grouping over 220
suppliers and end-users to deal with
multimedia standards and data exchange
issues. Endorses and supervises
technical aspects of JPEG and MPEG
compression standards and developing
multimedia platform standards.
- importing:
- A method of accessing or bringing in
files created on other platforms or
applications.
- interactivity:
- The ability of a user to control the
presentation by a multimedia system, not
only for material selection, but for the
way in which material is presented.
- interchange file:
- A family of filetypes whose
specifications are standardized to
facilitate use in a broad range of
applications and in some cases
platforms.
- ISA:
- Industry Standard Architecture.
- ISDN:
- Integrated Services Digital Network.
Telecommunications networks based on
fiber optics with greatly enhanced
transmission capacity for handling video
images and applications such as video
conferencing.
- ISO 9660:
- The designated specification number
for the file structure standard of
CD-ROM adopted by the International
Standards Organization.
- ISO:
- International Standards Organization.
A world organization which serves to
promote establishment of standards in
facilitating international exchange of
goods and services and develop mutual
cooperation in scientific, technical,
intellectual and economic areas of
activity. The American National
Standards Institute (ANSI) is the
current U.S. voice in the ISO.
- JBIG:
- Joint Bi-level Imaging Group. A
working group established to develop a
standard for compressing bi-level images
such as black-and-white photographs or
pages of text. JBIG is a loss less
compression technique.
- JPEG:
- Joint Photographic Experts Group. A
standard for compression algorithms for
digitizing still photographic images.
JPEG compression ratios may range from
10:1 to 80:1, but it is a continuous
trade-off between image quality and
speed of delivery and storage capacity.
Multimedia platforms are being equipped
with special boards or chips
implementing JPEG compression standard
based on the DCT algorithm. There are
also software solutions available to
accomplish JPEG compression.
- KBPS:
- Kilobits Per Second. A measure of
transmission rate in thousands of bits
per second commonly referred to as baud
rate. Communication channels using
telephone modems are established at set
bit rates, 300, 1200, 2400, 4800, 9600,
14400 respectively. (example 14.4kbps)
- Kodak Photo CD:
- A proprietary asymmetric image
recording format developed by Eastman
Kodak Company and introduced in 1992.
The content of the CD disc is composed
of nearly 100 24bit images 3000pixel in
a multisession configuration. The KODAK
Photo CD is considered a milestone in
imaging development.
- LAN:
- Local Area Network. A local community
of computers linked with high
performance cables. LANs vary in size,
but are always imited to a single
geographical area, such as an office,
corporation, or campus.
- luminance:
- Refers to the brightness value of all
the points in an image.
- magenta:
- The color obtained by mixing equal
intensities of red and blue light. It is
also the correct name for the
subtractive primary color usually called
red.
- magneto-optical:
- See CD-WREM.
- mastering:
- A real time process in which
videotaped materials are used to create
a master optical disk that can be
replicated into final videodiscs or
CD-ROM disks for operation with desktop
computers. Usually performed by an
outside specialty shop.
- media:
- Specific means of artistic
communication including forms such as
film, art, voice, music, sounds, text,
programming etc.
- MIDI:
- Musical Instrument Digital Interface.
It is a series of digital bus standards
for interfacing of digital
musicalinstruments with computers.
- morph:
- The special effect merging object
attributes from multiple images into
composite views
- ODB:
- Object Database. A database that can
handle diverse and complex data
including video images, audio, bit maps,
graphics and unstructured text.
- opacity:
- Term used to describe the amount an
editing technique effects a given area
of an image. Opacity in commonly
expressed in percentages an can be used
to simulatea watercolor wash or in
sequence segments to fade or dissolve
-
Beginning|
- paint:to apply color or
gradient to an area of an image
- palette:A group of selected
colors used by a graphics board. The EGA
board uses a palette of 16 colors. VGA
boards in some resolutions provide a
palette of 256 colors.
- PCI Local Bus:The Peripheral
Component Interconnect (PCI) local bus
- PCMCIA:Personal Computer Memory
Card International Association. PCMCIA
is becoming the link between desktop and
notebook computing for data transfer and
storage. PCMCIA slots perform the same
functions as expansion slots on PC
compatibles.
- Photo CD:Generic term used to
refer to Digital images on compact disc
(see Kodak Photo CD)
- pixel:Picture Element. The
smallest element of a screen represented
as a point of specific color and
intensity level.
- platform:The hardware and
operating system that applications are
run on
- premastering:In CD-ROM
distribution, the process of preparing
the data to be placed on the CD-ROM so
that is optimally fits the CD-ROM format
and limitations.
- primary color:In a tri-stimulus
color video system, one of the three
colors mixed to produce an image. In
additive color systems, the primary
colors are red, green, and blue. In
subtractive color systems, the primaries
are cyan, magenta, and yellow.
- production:In video, refers to
the process of creating programs. In
more specific usage, production is the
process of getting original video onto
tape or film and ready for post-
production.
- resampling:
- The practice of interpolating an image
of one specification and producing an
image of another specification from that
interpolation.
- resolution:
- Defines image quality of a display. It
refers to the number of pixels available
on a display. Resolution controls the
level of detail that can be presented on
a screen.
- retouch:
- Digital image editing processes used
to restore damaged photographs for
reproduction
- RLE:
- Run-Length Encoding:a data compression
technique that records repeated data
elements with the same value, which is
coded once along with a count of the
number of times it occurs.
- scanning:
- The most common practice of encoding
real images into digital form
Accomplished by use of a scanner which
passes an image sensor across the
original
- screen grabs:
- Common term for the capturing screen
rasterization images and video stills to
digital files. Can be preformed with
software or hardware, but quality may
vary between method used.
- SCSI:
- Small Computer System Interface. The
abbreviation is pronounced
"scuzzy." A connection that
allows high-speed information transfer
between the computer and any external
devices at speeds in the range of 4 to 5
megabytes per second. This specification
also allows multiple devices to be
connected via addresses to a single port
(receptacle).
- SCSI-II:
- A specification developed to provide
greater speed and performance. An
SCSI-II connection provides transfer
rates ranging from 10 to 40 megabytes
per second.
- selection:
- The term for indicating the desired
area to be effected by editing.
- sharpen:
- To increase contrast along object
edges to improve image appearance.
- SIMM:
- Single In-line Memory Module. A small
narrow circuit board containing Random
Access MemoryChips (the electronic
devices that store data while your
computer works with it). SIMMs plug into
special slots inside the computer to
give the computer extra memory.
- special effects:
- Digital image manipulation techniques
for enhancing quality or creating
unusual appearances. Can also be used to
remove undesirable image attributes.
- spray:
- To paint with a diffused edge to
simulate "air-brush"
feathering
- storyboard:
- A method of planning the content of a
presentation by drawing sketches of each
screen with notes about what happens in
that scene.
- substitution:
- the process of replacing colors in a
image with colors or patterns on the
pallet for the image. this is
implemented during color format
conversion and pallet correction
- Syquest:
- A manufacturer of SCSI removable
cartridge hard drives. this drive
specification has been widely used in
pre-press and publishing situations.
- tablet:
- A pressure sensitive input device used
in conjunction with a pen to edit
digital images.
- touch-screen:
- A display monitor that is pressure
sensitive to touch and is often used as
a multimedia control instead or in
conjunction with a keyboard. Better
authoring systems should have
touch-screen interface functions built
in their software. Touch-screen displays
vary widely and can be accomplished with
special overlays or can come as integral
screens with built-in touch-screen
capabilities. The best screens also
feature z-axis control, which allows
screen response at different rates
depending on the level of pressure
applied.
- track:
- A sequence of contiguous data, the
beginning, length, mode and end of which
are defined in the table of contents,
which is held in the Q subcode channel
of the lead-in area of the disc. The two
types of tracks currently defined are
the CD-DA track according to the CD-ROM
specification that is also used in CD-I.
In CD-DA the length of a track is
related to playing times between four
seconds and 72 minutes.
- tuning:
- The Group term for a number of image
editing activities including color and
grey balancing, hue & saturation,
gamma, histogram, and contrast
adjusting...etc.
- UART:
- Universal Asynchronous
Receiver-Transmitter. An electronic
circuit contained within the
communications port(s) of the computer
that decodes and encodes data in the
fashion required by the specific machine
for receiving and transmitting purposes.
The UART also performs the actual data
transmission to the communication
device, once it has been encoded and is
ready to send.
- UPS:
- Uninterruptible Power Supply. A
battery reserve system for computer
power installed to supply power in the
event of outage. These systems protect
against data loss during power outage.
- video capture:
- The term for converting analog video
signal to digital stills and Motion
files.
- warp:
- A special effect sequence of morph
images that simulate smooth transitions
of dissimilar frames.
- WYSBYGI:
- "What You See Before You Get
it." An extension of WYSIWYG
interface design allowing the user to
view and edit selected smaller areas
from a preview dialog box prior to
committing special effects with the
processing load of only a portion of the
entire file.
- WYSIWYG:
- "What You See Is What You
Get." A working interface of many
authoring systems where an author sees
the screens as he develops them exactly
as they will appear to the user.
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